555 research outputs found
The Fundamental Theorem on Symmetric Polynomials: History's First Whiff of Galois Theory
We describe the Fundamental Theorem on Symmetric Polynomials (FTSP), exposit
a classical proof, and offer a novel proof that arose out of an informal course
on group theory. The paper develops this proof in tandem with the pedagogical
context that led to it. We also discuss the role of the FTSP both as a lemma in
the original historical development of Galois theory and as an early example of
the connection between symmetry and expressibility that is described by the
theory.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure. Corrected a misattributio
Machine learning and invariant theory
Inspired by constraints from physical law, equivariant machine learning
restricts the learning to a hypothesis class where all the functions are
equivariant with respect to some group action. Irreducible representations or
invariant theory are typically used to parameterize the space of such
functions. In this article, we introduce the topic and explain a couple of
methods to explicitly parameterize equivariant functions that are being used in
machine learning applications. In particular, we explicate a general procedure,
attributed to Malgrange, to express all polynomial maps between linear spaces
that are equivariant under the action of a group , given a characterization
of the invariant polynomials on a bigger space. The method also parametrizes
smooth equivariant maps in the case that is a compact Lie group
Estimation under group actions: recovering orbits from invariants
Motivated by geometric problems in signal processing, computer vision, and
structural biology, we study a class of orbit recovery problems where we
observe very noisy copies of an unknown signal, each acted upon by a random
element of some group (such as Z/p or SO(3)). The goal is to recover the orbit
of the signal under the group action in the high-noise regime. This generalizes
problems of interest such as multi-reference alignment (MRA) and the
reconstruction problem in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We obtain
matching lower and upper bounds on the sample complexity of these problems in
high generality, showing that the statistical difficulty is intricately
determined by the invariant theory of the underlying symmetry group.
In particular, we determine that for cryo-EM with noise variance
and uniform viewing directions, the number of samples required scales as
. We match this bound with a novel algorithm for ab initio
reconstruction in cryo-EM, based on invariant features of degree at most 3. We
further discuss how to recover multiple molecular structures from heterogeneous
cryo-EM samples.Comment: 54 pages. This version contains a number of new result
Degree bounds for fields of rational invariants of and other finite groups
Degree bounds for algebra generators of invariant rings are a topic of
longstanding interest in invariant theory. We study the analogous question for
field generators for the field of rational invariants of a representation of a
finite group, focusing on abelian groups and especially the case of
. The inquiry is motivated by an application to signal
processing. We give new lower and upper bounds depending on the number of
distinct nontrivial characters in the representation. We obtain additional
detailed information in the case of two distinct nontrivial characters. We
conjecture a sharper upper bound in the case, and pose
questions for further investigation.Comment: 39 pages, 1 tabl
Dimensionless machine learning: Imposing exact units equivariance
Units equivariance is the exact symmetry that follows from the requirement
that relationships among measured quantities of physics relevance must obey
self-consistent dimensional scalings. Here, we employ dimensional analysis and
ideas from equivariant machine learning to provide a two stage learning
procedure for units-equivariant machine learning. For a given learning task, we
first construct a dimensionless version of its inputs using classic results
from dimensional analysis, and then perform inference in the dimensionless
space. Our approach can be used to impose units equivariance across a broad
range of machine learning methods which are equivariant to rotations and other
groups. We discuss the in-sample and out-of-sample prediction accuracy gains
one can obtain in contexts like symbolic regression and emulation, where
symmetry is important. We illustrate our approach with simple numerical
examples involving dynamical systems in physics and ecology
Massive stars in the giant molecular cloud G23.3−0.3 and W41
Context. Young massive stars and stellar clusters continuously form in the Galactic disk, generating new Hii regions within their natal giant molecular clouds and subsequently enriching the interstellar medium via their winds and supernovae.Aims. Massive stars are among the brightest infrared stars in such regions; their identification permits the characterisation of the star formation history of the associated cloud as well as constraining the location of stellar aggregates and hence their occurrence as a function of global environment.Methods. We present a stellar spectroscopic survey in the direction of the giant molecular cloud G23.3−0.3. This complex is located at a distance of ~4–5 kpc, and consists of several Hii regions and supernova remnants.Results. We discovered 11 OfK+ stars, one candidate luminous blue variable, several OB stars, and candidate red supergiants. Stars with K-band extinction from ~1.3–1.9 mag appear to be associated with the GMC G23.3−0.3; O and B-types satisfying this criterion have spectrophotometric distances consistent with that of the giant molecular cloud. Combining near-IR spectroscopic and photometric data allowed us to characterize the multiple sites of star formation within it. The O-type stars have masses from ~25–45 M⊙, and ages of 5–8 Myr. Two new red supergiants were detected with interstellar extinction typical of the cloud; along with the two RSGs within the cluster GLIMPSE9, they trace an older burst with an age of 20–30 Myr. Massive stars were also detected in the core of three supernova remnants – W41, G22.7−0.2, and G22.7583−0.4917.Conclusions. A large population of massive stars appears associated with the GMC G23.3−0.3, with the properties inferred for them indicative of an extended history of stars formation
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